Causes And Effects Of Delay In Malaysian Construction Construction Essay

Causes And Effects Of Delay In Malaysian Construction Construction Essay In the construction industry, projects can be delayed among large number of causes. There are different type and categories of delays found on construction Projects. Delay has major effect on completion cost and time of construction Project. Delays can be minimized if they were identifying causes. Knowing the cause of any particular delay in a construction project would help avoiding the same. Even though with different types of studies have been carried out to identify the factors influence the causes of delays, since the problems are quite related to the studies need to focus on specific geographical area, or region in Malaysia. A major appreciation of the Malaysia construction industry is due to the growing rate of delays in project delivery. In Malaysia most public work projects, including any construction projects under government authority or under privacy are awarded on a competitive basis using the traditional approach. The consultants and contractors are engaged in separate contracts. The contractors commonly would be involved until the whole project have been completed 1.3 Aim and objective of study 1.3.1 Aim To investigate delays pertaining in construction projects in Malaysia 1.3.2 Objective To identify the major causes of delays in construction project; To identify the effects of delays in construction project; and To identify the methods of minimizing construction delays. 1.4 Background of the study Construction delay is major problems frequent occur in the construction industry. Delays adversely impact on project stakeholders including owners, design professionals, construction professionals, purchaser and others. The main objectives of construction projects are cost, time, quality and safety numerous According to Assaf, et al. (1995) mentioned the most important causes in large building construction projects in Saudi Arabia which included approval of shop drawings, delays in payment to contractors and the resulting cash problems during construction, design changes, conflict in work schedules of subcontractors, slow decision making and executive bureaucracy in owners organizations, design errors, labor shortage and inadequate labor skill. Refer to causes of delay in Saudi Arabia, the major parties to lead the delay happen which include client and contractor. Because of client always change the design of building. Besides that, late responds and poor project management team and also delay pay month payment to the contractor by client. On the other hand, contactor due to not enough worker during work progress and some argument with sub-contractor. According to Ogunlana, et al. (1996) studied the delays in building project in Thailand, as an example of problem faced by the developing economies. They concluded that the problems of the construction industry in developing economies can be nested in three layers: problem of shortages or inadequacies in industry infrastructure, mainly supply of resources; problems caused by clients and consultants; and problems caused by incompetence of contractors. Construction in Thailand because some parties fault due to project delay such as contractor consultant and. During construction stage the client because of changing certain part of design and lack of experience could not solve the problem immediately. Besides client, designer is one of the parties because of own fault which is give unclear drawing to the contractor due to lack in experience. On the hand, the other parties which is contractor because of facing in poor management team, improper planning and scheduling and also inadequacy o f site inspection. According to Chan and Kumaraswamy (1996) surveyed and classified the causes of construction delays in Hongkong as seen by clients, contractor and consultants, and examined the factors affecting productivity. The results of their research indicate that the five principal and common causes of delays are: poor site management and supervision; unforeseen ground condition; low speed of decision making involving all projects team; client initiated variations; and necessary variation of works. Construction delay in Hongkong, the parties related to delay project include client, consultants, contractor and some relevant party. Factor to related delay by client such as client frequent delay make payment to contractor and also suffer in financial problem. Besides client, designer because of lack of experience always make mistake in drawing and late process design document. On the other hand, factor to cause contractor delay project which include lack of experience in project team and also poor site management and supervisions. Other than that, material is also one of the causes. During construction stages, material shortage and material changes to cause project delay. Identified the effects of delays in construction projects have been undertaken by some researchers. According to AIbinu and Jagboro (2002),identified the six effects of delays were time overrun, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, total abandonment, and litigation. The results of their studied about the effects of construction delays on project delivery in Nigerian construction industry, shows time overrun and cost overrun were the frequent effects of delays in construction projects. In construction industry, the effect of project delay because of time and cost overrun. In this situation, some of the faults parties need to take responsibility to pay the loss and expense to those parties suffer in damage. Several studies have been studied and recommended the methods of minimizing delays in construction projects. Nguyen, et al (2004), identified five critical success factors could be applied to reduce the effects of delays includes: competent project manager; adequate funding until project completion; multidisciplinary/competent project team; commitment to projects; and availability of resources. To minimizing the project delay during the construction stage, first of all a client needs to hire an experience project manager. Once the problem of delay happen, the project manager can solve immediately. Besides that, the project team member should communicate with other team member. Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) in their study also identified two methods to reduce or if possible eliminate time overrun were acceleration of site activities, and contingency allowance. The contractor must take full responsibility during work progress. Once contractor found out actual work progress are not similar with estimate and he must take some action to avoid the project delay such as involve some additional worker. According to Odeh and Battaineh (2002) recommended four methods includes: developing human resources in the construction industry through proper training and classification of craftsman; adopting a new approach to contract award procedure by giving less weight to prices and more weight to the capabilities and past performance of contractors; and adopting new approaches to contracting, such as design-build and construction management (CM) type of contracts. 1.5 Scope of the Study The scope of the research will focus on literature review and a questionnaire. Projects investigate in this research included school building, church, office, hospital, communication facilities and etc. The survey will conduct in Malaysia. The questionnaire survey will design based on factors identify from literature review that contributed to causes of delays, effects of delays and methods to minimize delays. A questionnaire will developed to assess the perceptions of contractors and consultants of the relative importance of the causes and the effects of construction delays. The developed survey questionnaire will distributed to the target respondent in Malaysia. 1.6 Outline methodology Stage 1: Literature review The review of literature has provided useful information based on the causes, effects, reactions and possible solution related to the issues delay project in construction industries. Stage 2: Pilot study Data collection will take the form of a structured postal questionnaire. However, an initial pilot study will be conducted to test the validity of the questionnaire through in-depth interviews with three contract manager. Stage 3: Main survey questionnaire and questionnaire go through with interview. The feedback from the pilot study should assist in finalizing the questionnaire and prepare the ground for main survey. The questions with centre around the areas mentioned in the above objectives. In order to obtain a high level of response, a multi-option format will be designed and limited to about 30 question and 10 questions which are go through with interview. Open questions are considered to be inappropriate as they would required the respondents to formulate an answer which needs lengthier input and will therefore be more difficult to analyze. Stage 4: Analyzing the postal and interview questionnaire This stage is analysis of the questionnaire to determine the level of agreement or disagreement by the respondents to each question within the questionnaire by counting the number of respondents who answer favorably or unfavorably. Besides that, analyze the questions which is done by interview to determine how the contractor to solve the delaying problem of project. Stage 5: Writing the research report The stage involves writing up the content of the dissertation and should cover the chapter proposed in the following section. Proposed contents Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Literature review Chapter 3 Research design and method of analysis Chapter 4: Analysis of the result and discussion Chapter 5: Conclusion and future study evidence

The Amish Way of Life

The Amish way of life Sherri S. Archer-Taylor ANT101: Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Instructor Jason Gonzalez December 10, 2011 The Amish way of life I. The Amish way of life has many interesting concepts and unique beliefs that set them apart from any other culture. While some may see the Amish way of life as a cult, there simplistic way of life and there family values and beliefs make them one of the strongest sects in today’s society. II. The Amish primary mode of subsistence is farming. Making them Horticulturalists. The Amish are farmers first they plant several crops every year depending on the season as well as women tending to gardens, the Amish feed themselves. A. According to Donald Kraybill (2001) the Amish have always been tillers of the soil and people of the land. B. When a young Amish couple gets married they are given a parcel of land by one of the fathers. This land is given so that the couple can get a head start on taking care of themselves and earning a living. C. The Amish people today do not use many modern day agriculture implements depending on the old ways to farm and harvest crops. III. The economy of the Amish is growing more complex. Where they were once mostly self-sustaining they are now finding it necessary to make and sell durable goods to supplement their income. A. According to Dr. George Kreps (1997) Tourism has not affected the core of Amish culture but it has had several lasting impacts. Such as traffic and crowds which make the Amish people shy away from certain areas because they do not like to interact with the common folk. B. Land has been harder to purchase for expansion due to rising cost. And the soil is no longer as plentiful as it once was. C. Amish now make furniture and other wood work items, and the women sew quilts and clothing to supplement the family’s income. D. Food is never sold or traded if a family can find another means of income. Food is reserved to fee the family. IV. The Beliefs and values of the Amish people are core in there society. They have been practicing these beliefs and values since the beginning of the Amish order which was sometime around the â€Å"1880†s. A. Holidays observed by the Amish re very religious during certain holidays the Amish people are more religious and family centered than any other culture. B. Amish people wear white clothes for a burial and they wear blue to a wedding. When a funeral occurs in the Amish culture there are no flowers, the coffin is plain wood, and there is no singing. A hymn is spoken, there are no eulogies. C. According to Charles Hurst (2010) the Amish have survived by being plain and depen ding on hardly any new technology and with limited help from outsiders. V. While the rest of the world has progressed with technology and change the Amish have also progressed with social change. A. The Amish travel still by horse and buggy only using a car to go on long important trips such as to a hospital or to see relatives in another state. B. All men in an Amish society still wear beards. C. They are still firm in there want to be separated from the world. And place important emphasis on simplicity and humility. D. They shun members who have been excommunicated E. They still use horse and plow to farm their fields. F. They have no internet or computers but they do use calculators. The Amish are simple people who live by farming, gardening, livestock and supplementing there income by wood working and quilt making. They choose to keep outsiders away from their lives. Their children are educated in a one room school house by another usually female of the sect. the young men help their father with farming and milking duties and the young women help garden with their mothers with cooking and watching their younger siblings. Some people may think they are wired or that they act like a cult but their simple way of life and there strong ties to one another has insured that the Amish will continue enduring for a long time. REFERENCES Hurst Charles M. (1998) the religion and family connection 29 (13) 19 Retrieved from http://psycnet. apa. org/? &fa=main. doiLanding&uid=1988-97583-000 Kraybill, Donald B. Pages: 423 (2001) Riddle of Amish Culture (Revised Edition) Retrieved from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/ashford/doc Dr. George Kreps (1997). The Impact of Tourism on the Amish Subculture Community Dev. J (1997) 32 (4): 354-367. doi: 10. 1093/cdj/32. 4. 354

Christianity and Rastafarianism-a Discussion of Six...

Christianity and Rastafarianism A Discussion of Six Similarities Christianity and Rastafarianism are both rooted in Judaism and draw from the Hebrew sacred scriptures. Rastafarianism evolved as a reaction to the Christianity that was imposed upon African-American slaves and their descendents. There are several other aspects in which these two religions are similar, the purpose of this paper is to explore some of those similarities. The Christian religion began around 2000 years ago in Judea, which is now Israel. Christianity began with Jesus of Nazareth and his disciples. Jesus traveled from village to village, teaching in the synagogues, and healing those who were sick and suffering. He challenged the authorities to†¦show more content†¦Rastafari’s believe Tafari Makonnen, who was crowned Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia on November 2nd, 1930 is the living God incarnate, called Jah. He is the black Messiah that will lead the worlds people of African origin into the Promised Land of full emanc ipation and divine justice. This is partly because of his titles King of Kings, Lord of Lords and Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah. These titles match those of the Messiah mentioned in the book of Revelation, in the Christian New Testament (Rastafari). Second Similarity-The Creation of the World: Just as the Christian Bible begins with, â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth†, (Holy Bible) The Holy Piby, the Rastafarian Bible, begins with, â€Å"From the beginning there was God and he spake and all things were made that are made†. Both of these sacred texts go on to state that God made man for his glory and then made woman for man, God called the man Adam and the woman Eve. (Holy Piby) Both of the sacred texts also agree that God rested on the seventh day and said that men should also use the seventh day as a day of rest. Third Similarity-Worship Practices: Christian worship centers on meetings or services held on Sunday. These services consist of Biblical readings, communion, and music either with or without instrumental accompaniment, prayer, a teaching from the Bible in the form of a sermon and a collection of tithes. Other forms of worship, such

The Outsourcing Trickle Essay - 1237 Words

As esteemed journalist Tom Piatak wisely puts it, â€Å"The trickle of outsourcing threatens to become a flood.† His words speak the truth as outsourcing has left United States’ workers jobless, and it continues to increase the unemployment rate every year. During February of 2009, American workers lost a record 651,000 jobs alone, increasing the unemployment rate to 8.1 percent, the highest it has been in 25 years (Katel). Multinational corporations, hoping to cut down costs and stay profitable in the market, outsource by exporting American jobs to third-world countries such as China and India. It may seem noble that outsourcing provides third-world countries with job opportunities, but the United States’ markets and industries are greatly†¦show more content†¦Companies close down U.S. buildings and factories to reduce costs, capital gets exported abroad, and this money can no longer go towards economic expansion. These direct hits on U.S. local, state, and federal governments have detrimental effects on the economy due to fewer unemployment benefits and reduced economic expansion. On the other hand, some critics state that globalization of products â€Å"are creating new markets [in India and China] for goods and services,† increasing government wealth (Cooper). Unfortunately, proponents of this argument fail to recognize that globalization benefits are not trickling down to all sectors of the U.S. economy. Recent studies show that lost manufacturing jobs, the sector most affected by outsourced jobs, are replaced by lower-paying jobs in the service sector (Cooper). With these lower-paying industries, the downsized gross domestic income of America impacts the economy and shrinks government taxation. The average American is then greatly impacted because lower tax money means the government cannot provide essential benefits to people. When jobs are outsourced, the U.S. government as well as the U.S. economy greatly suffers. Outsourcing of both skilled and unskilled jobs in the U.S. has a sufficiently weakens economy due to a decrease in the consumption of goods. Once workers are unemployed, they no longer have enough money to purchase products in the market. Heidi Shierholz, a labor economist at the EconomicShow MoreRelatedUnited States Should Not Be The Best Essay1287 Words   |  6 Pagesone percent in the United States. They have large amounts of money, why can’t they give any away? They use their money to boost their profits instead by underpaying employees to other countries, avoiding taxes through loopholes and tax havens and outsourcing jobs to other countries. The money they send away could be used for government funded programs like food stamps and unemployment or they could donate to food banks. There is a plethora of ways big business is damaging our own economy and it is starvingRead MoreEconomic Exchange within a Globalized World1195 Words   |  5 PagesHowever this has not benefi ted the poor. In contrast those in poverty have either remained in poverty levels or have continued to sink further in (Globalization and the Trickle Down n.d.). This can be explained by the notion of â€Å"trickle down† theory (Howard-Hassman 2005). This theory suggest that wealth should hypothetically flow or â€Å"trickle† down from wealthy individuals and countries to the poor individuals and countries (Howard-Hassman 2005). However this theory does not account for corruption and theRead MoreGlobalization : As Transnational Corporations ( Mncs )1327 Words   |  6 Pageswithout set regulatory policies to protect them. For instance, workers are subjected to unpaid overtime, toxic chemicals, and dangerous equipment. Nevertheless, some believe if the corporations acquire revenue, the money trickles down to the less economically developed. Outsourcing labor creates a relationship of mutual exploitation. The corporations secure profit off of the cheap land and labor, while the workers benefit from the money flowing into the region. Despite the low wages, long hours, andRead MoreIndia s Pharmaceutical Industry : International Trade Limits On Account Of Their Abuse Of Intellectual Property Rights858 Words   |  4 Pagespharmaceuticals available for purchase in the United States to practically 900 plants in India, giving Indian organizations legitimacy that potential opponents are in other areas, for example, China. For Western establishments, the undisputable interest of outsourcing drug manufacturing to India is that it lowers their expenses, empowering them to protect their income in a relentlessly hard domestic environment where government healthcare regulation and increased competition have put burden on the valuing ofRead MoreIndia s Pharmaceutical Industry : India856 Words   |  4 Pagespharmaceuticals available to be purchased in the United States to practically 900 plants in India, giving Indian organizations legitimacy that potential opponents in spots, for example, China. For Western enterprises, the undeniable fascination of outsourcing drug manufacturing to India is that it lowers their expenses, empowering them to protect their income in an inexorably troublesome domestic environment where government healthcare regulation and increased competition have put weight on the valuingRead MoreThe United States And Its Impact On Health Care1649 Words   |  7 Pagesalike. However, instead of attacking the problems that have been plaguing the American economy, Kensian and trickle-down economics are used as a bandaid for short term economic downturns. In order for the United States to improve its economy in a dramatic, longlasting way, major issues such as excesive health care costs, reliance on foreign fossil fuels, and illegal immigration and outsourcing must be faced and solved through dynamic, innovative methods. One way to improve health care in the UnitedRead MoreAhmad Tea Company: PESTLE Analysis838 Words   |  3 Pagesa tendency to overtax companies by the government that leads to low wages for employees in a company, taxes takes away some of the money that could have been used to pay the employees making employers not to pay good wages to their employees this trickles down to Ahmed Tea company overall poor performance. Economic-the budget for the UK government and factors such as reduction of custom duty can have an effect on Ahmed tea companys operations. Social -Ahmad Tea Company might be unable to sellRead More The Elimination of the Middle Class1256 Words   |  6 Pagesthem. Globalization also leads to the overall improvement of the world’s quality of life. As technology improves in one part of the world it spreads throughout the globe. For example, medicine advances more quickly in developed nations but then trickles down to the benefit of the rest of the world. Ecological agreements such as the reduction of greenhouse gases and air pollution are global initiatives that are only made possible through the sharing of information and technology. There is also theRead MoreCompetive Market1518 Words   |  7 Pagesimpacts its profitability. Manufacturing firms shift their cost structure by changing the mix of variable and fixed costs. One way of doing this is by decreasing the use of permanent labor and outsourcing the work. Automation is also another technique to reduce labor. However, options such as outsourcing can have a negative effect on cost. For instance, it does not have much control over its workforce when it outsources. This means it may not be able to hike up production to meet a sudden riseRead MoreThe Shift Of Corporate Thinking : Roots And Development Of Shared Value Perspective1233 Words   |  5 Pages1970s, the historical rupture between productivity growth and the real salaries of goods producing workers, and the transition from Fordism to Post-Fordism mode of accumulation, implied a huge challenge to corporate social thinking. The so called â€Å"trickle-down effect† of economy failed in its promise of bringing prosperity for all and, conversely, the implemented structural adjustment packa ges in the 1980s triggered worst social conditions in developing economies (Stiglitz, 2002: 79-80). Corporate